ЗНАКИ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ (ТАМГА) И ПАМЯТНИКИ ТАМГОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ: ДРЕВНОСТЬ, СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЕ И НОВОЕ ВРЕМЯ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52967/akz2019.3.5.99.121Ключевые слова:
археология, Казахстан, тамга, знаки идентичности, тюркская эпоха, Ашина, огузы, казахиАннотация
В статье дается характеристика разновременных групп памятников Казахстана, связанных с символическими изображениями – тамга. Предлагается типология недвижимых и портативных памятников с этими знаками, а также вводятся определения понятий «тамга» и «тамгопользование». Рассматриваются группы знаков тюркской эпохи (VI – начало X в.), которые оцениваются как тамги правящей элиты кочевников и родоплеменные тамги. Применение особых знаков идентичности (тамга) как маркера групповой принадлежности индивидов берет начало в эпоху бронзы, широко распространяется в позднеантичное время, переживает расцвет в раннее Средневековье, сохраняется в Новое время и доживает в измененном виде до наших дней. Предполагается, что инициатива тамгопользования принадлежала политическим и социальным элитам, которые внедряли эту практику для защиты корпоративных интересов и поддерживали ее на всех уровнях общественных связей.
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