Сакские курганы в долине Елеке сазы на Тарбагатае: погребальный обряд, результаты изотопного анализа и новые данные по радиоуглеродному датированию
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52967/akz2025.2.28.272.303Ключевые слова:
Тарбагатай, Восточный Казахстан, Елеке сазы, сакская эпоха, курган, погребальный обряд, система питанияАннотация
В статье представлены результаты комплексного исследования 16 рядовых курганов из могильников Елеке сазы-2, 4 в Тарбагатае, датируемых ранним железным веком. В ходе разведочно-поисковых работ на могильнике Елеке сазы-2 зафиксировано 170 курганов, а на могильнике Елеке сазы-4 – 56. На каждом из могильников находится по несколько элитных курганов. В процессе исследования выявлено два типа погребальных сооружений. Основная часть объектов представлена грунтовыми могилами, в двух случаях зафиксировано захоронение в каменных ящиках. Все могилы расположены по оси восток–запад, а погребённые ориентированы головой на запад. Погребения сопровождаются разнообразным инвентарём, в числе которого – предметы ритуального характера, конского снаряжения, украшения и др. Наземные и внутримогильные сооружения курганов, также вещевой комплекс находят многочисленные аналогии среди древностей ранних кочевников Восточного Казахстана. Анализ погребального обряда и предметов материальной культуры, а также результаты радиоуглеродного датирования, позволили установить, что изученные памятники относятся к раннему (VII–V вв. до н.э.) и позднесакскому (IV–II вв. до н.э.) времени. Для определения системы питания проведён анализ состава стабильных изотопов углерода и азота в коллагене костей из погребения. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о потреблении растений типа C4, что в значительной степени связано с регулярным употреблением пищи из проса.
Библиографические ссылки
Ageyeva, Ye. I. 1960. In: Izvestiya Akademii nauk Kazakhskoy SSR (News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR) 3 (11), 80–85 (in Russian).
Akishev, K. A. 1956. In: Trudy IIAE AN KazSSR (Proceedings of the Institute of History of Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR). Issue 7. Alma-Ata (in Russian).
Arslanova, F. Kh. 1981. In: KSIA (Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology) 167, 54–58 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z. 2014. In: Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Tomsk State University Journal of History). Seriya: Istoriya 6 (32), 121–128 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z. 2018. In: Tishkin, A. A. (ed.). Sovremennyye resheniya aktualnykh problem yevraziyskoy arkheologii (Modern solutions to current problems of Eurasian archeology). Issue 2. Barnaul: Altai University, 139–149 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Jumabekova, G. S. 2017. In: Povolzhskaya arheologiya (The Volgs river region archaeology) 2 (20), 31–45 (in Russian).
Besetayev, B. B. 2015. In: Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya. (Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series: History, Philology) vol. 14, issue 7, 24–29 (in Russian).
Bokovenko, N. A. 2018. In: Mir Bolshogo Altaya (The World of Great Altai) 4 (1), 8–42 (in Russian).
Borodovskiy, A. P. 1987. In: Pletneva, L. M. (ed.). Smena kultur i migratsii v Zapadnoy Sibiri (Cultural change and migration in Western Siberia). Tomsk: Tomsk State University, 93–94 (in Russian).
Vishnevskaya, O. A. 1973. Kultura sakskih plemen nizoviev Syrdar'i v VII–V vv. do n.e. (Culture of the Saka tribes of the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river in the 7th–5th centuries BC) / Trudy Khorezmskoy arkheologo-etnograficheskoy ekspeditsii (Works of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition). Vol. VIII. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Gening, V. V., Gening V. F. 1985. In: Gening, V. F. (ed.) Arkheologiya i metody istoricheskikh rekonstruktsiy (Archaeology and methods of historical reconstruction). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ., 136–152 (in Russian).
Golovchenko, N. N. 2018. In: Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University). Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya 17 (3), 32–38 (in Russian).
Gryaznov, M. P. 1980. In: Arzhan – tsarskiy kurgan ranneskifskogo vremeni (Arzhan – a royal burial mound of the early Scythian period). Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Kadyrbayev, M. K. 1974. In: Akishev, K. A. (ed.). V glub vekov (Into the depths of centuries). Alma-Ata: “Nauka” Publ., 25–45 (in Russian).
Kadyrbayev, M. K., Kurmankulov Zh. 1992. Kultura drevnikh skotovodov i metallurgov Sary-Arki (The culture of ancient cattle breeders and metallurgists of Sary-Arka). Alma-Ata: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Kazantseva, O. A. 2018. In: Yezhegodnik finno-ugorskikh issledovaniy (Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies) 3, 108–118 (in Russian).
SA MIA CS MSHE RK. D. 1068: Kushaev, G. A. 1968. Pamyatniki Alakulskoy vpadiny i doliny reki Lepsy (Ocherki drevney istorii Semirechya. Razdel II) (Sites of the Alakul depression and the valley of the Lepsy River (Essays on the ancient history of Semirechye. Section II)) (in Russian).
Maximova, A. G., Mershchiyev, M. S., Weinberg, B. I., Levina, L. M. 1968. Drevnosti Chardary. Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya v zone Chardarinskogo vodokhranilishcha (Antiquities of Chardara. Archaeological research in the area of the Chardara reservoir), Alma-Ata: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Margaryan, K. G. 2025. Kamennyye zhertvenniki rannikh kochevnikov Yevrazii (Stone altars of the early nomads of Eurasia): Thesis of the Cand. hist. sciences. Chelyabinsk (in Russian).
Margaryan, K. G., Tairov, A. D. 2017. In: Vestnik YuUrGU (Bulletin of the South Ural State University). Seriya «Sotsialno-gumanitarnyye nauki» 17 (2), 26–33 (in Russian).
Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, G., 2016. In: Baipakov, K. M., Voyakin, D. A., Zaharov, S. V. Mogilnik Karatuma. Nekropol rannego zheleznogo veka v Semirechye (Karatuma burial ground. Necropolis of the Early Iron Age in Semirechye). Almaty: “Arheologicheskaya Ekspertiza” LTD, 623–633 (in Russian).
Omarov, G. K. 1998. In: Toleubayev, A. T. (ed.). Problemy izucheniya i sokhraneniya istoricheskogo naslediya (Problems of studying and preserving historical heritage), Almaty, 225–239 (in Russian).
Omarov, G. K. 1999. In: Kazak Memlekettik universitetinin habarshysy. Tarih seriasy (Bulletin of the Kazakh State University. History Series), 12, 81–88 (in Kazakh).
Omarov, G., Besetayev, B., Zharylgassynova, B., Shagirbayev, M., Zhumatayev, R. 2024. In: Kazakstan arheologiyasy (Kazakhstan Archeology) 4 (26), 181–206 (in Russian).
Omarov, G., Besetayev, B., Sagyndykova, S. 2020. In: Vestnik Kazakhskogo Natsionalnogo universiteta imeni al-Farabi (Bulletin of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) 1 (96), 144–154 (in Russian).
Omarov, G. K., Zhumatayev, R.S., Besetayev, B. B., Sapatayev, S. A., Sagyndykova, S. T. 2018. Urzhar audanynyn arkheologiyalyk yeskertkishteri (Archaeological sites of Urzhar district). Almaty: “Kazakh university” Publ. (in Kazakh).
Oralbay, Ye., Kariyev, Ye. 2016. In: Onggaruly, A. (ed.). Saki i savromaty Kazakhskikh stepey: kontakt kultur (Saks and Sauromatians of the Kazakh Steppes: Contact of Cultures). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaelogy, 161–171 (in Russian).
Oralbay, Ye., Kariyev Ye., Zhumatayev R. 2012. In: Trudy Filiala IA im. A.Kh. Margulana v g. Astana (Proceedings of the Branch of the Margulan Institute of Archaeology in Astana). Vol. 1, Astana: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 56–61 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. 2011. Berel. Almaty: “Taymas” Publ. (in Kazakh and Russian).
Samashev, Z. 2017. In: Mir Bolshogo Altaya (The World of Great Altai) 3 (4), 511–548 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. 2019. In: Turkic Studies Journal 1, 37–60 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. 2021. In: Mukhtarova, G. R. (ed.). II Yesikskiye chteniya (II Esik Readings). Almaty: “Kazakh Universiteti” Publ., 6–45 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z., Bokovenko, N. A., Akhmadiyev, Zh., Chotbayev, A., Kariyev, Ye., Tolegenov, Ye., Samashev, S., Kiyasbek, G., Zhalmaganbetov, Zh., Yerbolatov, S. 2016. In: Altai – zolotaya kolybel tyurkskogo mira (Altai – golden cradle of the Turkic world). Ust–Kamenogorsk: tip. “BIOS”, 234–252 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z., Nagler, A., Oralbay, Ye., Viland, R., Tolegenov, Ye., Kariyev, Ye., Besetayev, B. 2010. In: Bissembaev, A. A. (ed.). Kadyrbayevskiye chteniya–2010 (Kadyrbayev Readings–2010). Aktobe, 94–105 (in Kazakh).
Samashev, Z., Onggaruly, A., Kairmagambetov, A., Kiyasbek, G., Kyzyrkhanov, M. 2020. In: Akhmetov, D. (ed.). Altay – turki aleminin altyn besigi (Altai – golden cradle of the Turkic world). Oskemen, 22–34 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z., Onggar, A., Chotbayev, A., Nuskabay, A., Kairmagambetov, A., Kiyasbek, G., Kyzyrkhanov, M. 2018. In: Akhmetov, D. K. (ed.). Altai – zolotaya kolybel tyurkskogo mira (Altai –golden cradle of the Turkic world). Ust-Kamenogorsk, 8–14 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z., Trifonov, Yu. I. 1987. In: Akishev, K. A. (ed.). Arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki v zone zatopleniya Shul'binskoy GES (Archaeological sites in the flood zone of the Shulbinskaya hydroelectric power station). Almaty: “Nauka”, 95–115 (in Russian).
Seregin, N. N., Demin, M. A., Radovskiy, S. S. 2022. In: Narody i religii Yevrazii (Peoples and religions of Eurasia) 27 (4), 74–85 (in Russian).
Seregin, N. N., Tishkin, A. A., Radovskiy, S. S. 2023. In: Sokhraneniye i izucheniye kulturnogo naslediya Altaya (Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of Altai) XXIX, 226–232 (in Russian).
Tishkin, A. A. 1996. In: Zhrechestvo i shamanizm v skifskuyu epokhu (Priesthood and Shamanism in the Scythian Era). St. Petersburg, 50–54 (in Russian).
Tishkin, A. A. 1999. In: Itogi izucheniya skifskoy epokhi Altaya i sopredelnykh territoriy (Results of the study of the Scythian era of Altai and adjacent territories). Barnaul: Altay State University, 184–190 (in Russian).
Toleubayev, A. T. 2018. In: Rannesakskaya Shiliktinskaya kultura (Early Sak Shilikta culture). Almaty: tip. “Sadvakasov A.K.” (in Russian).
Toleubayev, A. T., Zhumatayev, R. S., Shakenov, S. T., Yergabylov, A. Ye., Rysbek, B., Khamitov, M., Khaval, A. 2019. In: Akhmetov, D. K. (ed.). Altai – zolotaya kolybel tyurkskogo mira (Altai –golden cradle of the Turkic world). Ust-Kamenogorsk, 134–155 (in Russian).
Toleubayev et al. 2020a: Toleubayev, A. T., Zhumatayev, R. S., Omarov, G. K., Shakenov, S. T., Besetayev, B. B., Yergabylov, A. Ye., 2020. In: Margulanovskie chteniya–2020 (Margulan readings–2020) 2, 180–205 (in Russian).
Toleubayev et al. 2020b: Toleubaev, A. T., Zhumatayev, R. S., Shakenov, S. T. Yergabylov, A. E., Kakabaev, N. A., Rysbek, B., Hamitov, M., Sisikenova, G. S., Talgatov, S. T. 2020. In: Akhmetov, D. K. (ed.). Altai – zolotaya kolybel tyurkskogo mira (Altai –golden cradle of the Turkic world), 41–54 (in Russian).
Toleubaev, A., Zhumatayev, R., Umitkaliev, U., Shakenov, S., Ergabylov, A. E., Kakabaev, N. A. 2021. In: Akhmetov, D. K. (ed.). Altai – zolotaya kolybel tyurkskogo mira (Altai –golden cradle of the Turkic world). Oskemen, 95–120 (in Russian).
Toleubayev, A., Zhumatayev, R. S., Shakenov, S. T., Yergabylov, A. E., Kakabaev, A., Shaimuhanova, D. S., Galymzhan, N. G. 2022. In: Akhmetov, D. K. (ed.), Altai – zolotaya kolybel tyurkskogo mira (Altai –golden cradle of the Turkic world). Kokshetau: «Kokshe-Poligrafia» AK, 92–104 (in Russian).
Toleubayev, A. T., Omarov, G. K. 2011. In: Shezhreli olke tarihy: tın derekter, jana ugımdar zhane sonı zertteuler (Genealogical history of the region: new data, new concepts and related studies). Semey: Semey State University, 311–320 (in Kazakh).
Toleubayev, A. T., Umitkaliev, U. U., Zhumatayev, R. S. 2011. In: Tauelsizdik kezindegi Kazakstan arheologiyası: korıtındıları men keleshegi (Archaeology of Kazakhstan during independence: conclusions and prospects). Almaty, 105–111 (in Kazakh).
Umitkaliyev, U. U., Mitko, O. A., Lbova, L. V. 2021. In: Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1 (35), 232–246 (in Russian).
Umitkaliyev, U. U. 2017. Ulken Altay alemi (The Great Altai World) 3 (4), 152–165 (in Kazakh).
Shagirbayev, M. S., Utubayev, Zh. R. 2019. In: Kazakstan arheologiyasy (Kazakhstan Archeology) 4 (6), 9–114 (in Russian).
Shilov, Yu. A. 1995. In: Prarodina ariyev. Istoriya, obryady i mify (The Homeland of the Aryans. History, Rituals and Myths), Kiev: “SINTO” Publ. (in Russian).
Shulga, P. I. 2010. Sintszyan v VIII–III vv. Do n.e. (Pogrebalnyye kompleksy. Khronologiya i periodizatsiya) (Xinjiang in the 8th–3rd centuries BC (Burial complexes. Chronology and periodization)). Barnaul: Altay State University (in Russian).
Chugunov, K. V. 2003. In: Istoricheskiy opyt khozyaystvennogo osvoyeniya Zapadnoy Sibiri (Historical experience of economic development of Western Siberia). Book 1. Barnaul: Altay State University, 86–395 (in Russian).
Chugunov, K. V., Partsinger, G., Nagler, A. 2017. Tsarskiy kurgan skifskogo vremeni Arzhan-2 v Tuve (Royal kurgan of the Scythian period Arzhan-2 in Tuva). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS (in Russian).
Yablonskiy, L. T. 2006. In: Yablonskiy, L. T., Petrenko, V. G. (eds.). Drevnosti skifskoy epokhi (Antiquities of the Scythian era). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology RAS, 277–291 (in Russian).
Aitkali, A., Zhuniskhanov, A., Rakhmankulov, E. 2023. In: Kazakhstan Archeology 3 (21), 82–94 (in English).
Ambrose, Sh. 1990. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 17, 431–451 (in English).
Ambrose, Sh. 1991. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 18, 293–317 (in English).
Ananyevskaya, E., Aytqaly, A. K., Beisenov, A. Z., Dmitriev, E. A., …, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, G., 2018. In: Archaeological Research in Asia 15, 157–173 (in English).
Besetayev, B. 2021. In: Bulletin of history 1 (100), 120–129 (in English).
Chisholm, B. S., Nelson, D. E., Schwarcz, H. P. 1982. In: Science 216 (4550), 1131–1132 (in English).
Deines, P. 1980. In: Fritz, P., Fontes, J. C. (Ed.). Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 329–406 (in English).
DeNiro, M. J. 1985. In: Nature 317, 806–809 (in English).
Ilyasov, J., Rusanov, D. 1997/98. In: A Silk Road Art and Archaeology, Vol. 5. Kamakura, 107–159 (in English).
Itahashi, Y., Ananyevskaya, E., Yoneda, M., Ventresca Miller, A., Nishiaki, Y., Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, G., 2020. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 1–10 (in English).
Katzenberg, M. A., 2008. In: Katzenberg, M. A., Saunders, S. R. (Ed.), Biological anthropology of the human skeleton (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. 413–441 (in English).
Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, G., Lightfoot, E., O'Connell, T. C., Voyakin, D., Liu, X., Loman, V. 2015. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 59, 23–34 (in English).
Pearson, J., Buitenhuis, H., Hedges, R., Martin, L., Russell, N., Twiss, K., 2007. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 2170–2179 (in English).
Reimer, P. J., Austin, W.E.N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Talamo, S. 2020. In: Radiocarbon 62 (4), 725–757(in English).
Schoeninger, M. J., DeNiro, M. J., 1984. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1), 625–639 (in English).
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., Reimer, R. W. 2021. CALIB 8.2 [WWW program] at http://calib.org, accessed 2021-9-16 (in English).
Svyatko, S. V., Beisenov, A. Z. 2017. In: Samara Journal of Science 3 (20), 223–227 (in English).
Toleubayev, A., Zhumatayev, R., Shakenov, S. 2020. In: Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12 (6), 1–20 (in English).
Zhomartova, A. Zh., Bakirov, B. A., Kichanov, S. E., Zhumatayev, R. S., Toleubayev, A. T., Kozlenko, D. P. 2023. In: Eurasian Journal of Physics and Functional Materials 7 (2), 79–90 (in English).
Zhumatayev, R., Besetayev, B., Rysbek, B. 2024. In: Bulletin of history 3 (114), 160–168 (in English).
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2025 Жұматаев Р.С., Жарылғасынова Б.М., Ерғабылов А.Е., Шәкенов С.Т.
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная.
