Комплекс Тургень-II в Жетысу: история вещей
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52967/akz2025.2.28.230.249Ключевые слова:
Тургень-II, археология, ранний железный век, средневековый период, поселение, могильник, утилитарные предметы, декоративные изделия, ритуальные объекты, Иле АлатауАннотация
Предметный комплекс стоянок и погребений археологического памятника Тургень-II в верховьях одноимённого ущелья включает изделия декоративного и утилитарного назначения, изготовленные из железа, кости и камня. К раннесакскому этапу (VIII–VI вв. до н.э.) относятся костяной гребень, бронзовая бляшка-зеркальце и колокольчик. Изделия позднесакского времени (V–III вв. до н.э.), как правило, выполнены из железа и имеют утилитарное назначение. Погребальный инвентарь усуньского времени (III–I вв. до н.э.) представлен каменными, костяными и бронзовыми украшениями, а также орудиями труда. Ряд находок – включая наконечник, железную пряжку, бронзовую решму и стремена – по типологическим признакам относится к Средневековью (не ранее IX–XIV вв.) и попал в археологический контекст вторично. Сопоставление основного предметного комплекса с данными радиоуглеродного анализа и технологическими характеристиками позволяет проследить изменения в структуре памятника на разных этапах его функционирования. Элементы художественного оформления отдельных изделий отражают региональные изобразительные традиции, а также свидетельствуют о культурных контактах с регионами Центральной Азии.
Библиографические ссылки
Ageeva, E. I. 1961. In: Trudy Instituta istorii, arkheologii i etnografii (Proceedings of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography) XII, 21–40 (in Russian).
Aitbayeva, A., Manapova, A. 2024. In: Kazakhstan Archeology 3 (25), 32–44 (in Kazakh).
Almatinskaya oblast. Istoriko-kulturnoe nasledie (Almaty region. Historical and cultural heritage). 2018. Baipakov, K. M. (ed.). Vol. I. Almaty: “Kos-Kos” Publ. (in Russian).
Akishev, A. K. 1984. Iskusstvo i mifologiya sakov (The art and mythology of the Saka). Almaty: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Akishev, K. A. 1978. Kurgan Issyk. Iskusstvo sakov Kazakhstana (The Issyk kurgan. The art of the Saka of Kazakhstan). Moscow: “Iskusstvo” Publ. (in Russian)
Akishev, K. A., Kushaev, G. A. 1963. Drevnyaya kultura sakov i Wusuney doliny reki Ili (The ancient culture of the Saka and Wusuns in the Ili River Valley). Almaty: KazSSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Arslanova, F. Kh. 2013. Ocherki srednevekovoy arkheologii Verkhnogo Priirtysh’ya (Essays on the medieval archaeology of the Upper Irtysh river region) / Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Kazakhstana. Vol. 3. Astana: Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Artamonov, M. I. 1973. Sokrovishcha sakov (Treasures of the Saka). Moscow: “Iskusstvo” Publ. (in Russian).
Akishev, K. A. (ed.). 1987. Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki v zone zatopleniya Shulbinskoy GES (Archaeological monuments in the flood zone of the Shulba hydroelectric power station). Almaty: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Ageeva, E. I. (ed.). 1962. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya na severnykh sklonaх Karatau (Archaeological Research on the Northern Slopes of the Karatau Ridge). Alma-Ata: KazSSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Baipakov, K. M., Voyakin, D. A., Zakharov, S. V. 2016. Mogilnik Karatuma. Nekropol’ rannego zheleznogo veka v Semirech’e (The Karatuma burial ground. Early Iron Age necropolis in Semirechye). Almaty: “Arkheologicheskaya ekspertiza” Publ. (in Russian).
Baipakov, K. M., Samashev, Z. S., Toleubaev, A. T. 2006. Arkheologiya Kazakhstana (Archaeology of Kazakhstan). Almaty: “Oner” Publ. (in Russian).
Baipakov, K. M., Ternovaya, G. A., Goryacheva, V. D. 2007. Khudozhestvennyi metall gorodischa Krasnaya Rechka (VI – nachalo XIII v.) (Art metal of the settlement Krasnaya Rechka (6th – early 13th centuries)). Almaty: “Gylym” Publ. (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Jumabekova, G. S., Bazarbayeva, G. A. 2015. Iskusstvo sakov Saryarki (The art of the Saka of Saryarka). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology; “Begazy-Tasmola” Publ. (in Russian).
Bissembaev, A. A. 2010. Kochevniki srednevekov’ya Zapadnogo Kazakhstana (Medieval nomads of Western Kazakhstan). Aktobe: “Zhanadilov S. T.” Publ. (in Russian).
Vadetskaya, E. B. 1999. Tashtykskaya epokha v drevney istorii Sibiri (The Tashtyk era in the ancient history of Siberia). St. Petersburg: “Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie” Publ. (in Russian).
Vedyanin, S. D., Kungurov, A. L. 1996. In: Kiryushin, Yu. F., Kungurov, A. L. (ed.). Pogrebalnyi obryad drevnikh plemen Altaya (Burial rite of the ancient tribes of Altai). Barnaul: Altay State University (in Russian).
Gavrilova, A. A. 1965. Mogilnik Kudyrge kak istochnik po istorii altayskikh plemyon (The Kudyrge burial ground as a source on the history of Altai tribes). Moscow; Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Gass, A. 2015. In: Beisenov, A. Z. (ed.). Sakskaya kultura Saryarki v kontekste izucheniya etnosotsiokulturnykh protsessov stepnoy Evrazii (The Saka culture of Saryarka in the context of ethno-sociocultural processes of steppe Eurasia). Almaty: “Begazy-Tasmola” Publ., 84–89 (in Russian).
Gorbunova, T. G. 2010. Rekonstruktsiya konskogo snaryazheniya srednevekovykh kochevnikov Altaya: metodika i nekotorye rezultaty (Reconstruction of horse harness of medieval nomads of Altai: methodology and some results). Barnaul: “Azbuka” Publ. (in Russian).
Goryachev, A. A. 2011. In: Beisenov. A. Z. (ed.). Voprosy arkheologii Kazakhstana (Issues of the archaeology of Kazakhstan). Issue 3. Almaty: “Begazy-Tasmola” Publ., 325–341 (in Russian).
Goryachev, A. A. 2020. Drevniy arkheologicheskiy kompleks verkhovyev ushchel’ya Kishi-Turgen (The ancient archaeological complex of the upper Kishi-Turgen gorge). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Goryachev, A. A., Motov, Yu. A. 2018. Arkheologicheskiy kompleks Butakty-I (The archaeological complex Butakty-I). Almaty: “KazBookTrade” Publ. (in Russian).
Jumabekova, G. S., Bazarbayeva, G. A. 2013. Khudozhestvennye bronzy Jetisu (Art bronzes of Jetisu). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Evtyukhova, L. A. 1957. In: Sovetskaya arkheologiya (Soviet Archaeology) 2, 205–228 (in Russian).
Zadneprovskiy, Yu. A. 1962. Drevnezemledelcheskaya kultura Fergany (The ancient farming culture of Fergana). Moscow; Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Zeymal, E. V. 1979. Amudiarinskiy klad. Katalog (The Amu Darya treasure. Catalogue). Leningrad: “Iskusstvo” Publ. (in Russian).
Itina, M. A., Yablonskiy, L. T. 1997. Saki Nizhney Syrdari (po materialam mogilnika Yuzhnyy Tagisken) (The Saka of Lower Syr Darya (based on the materials of the Yuzhny Tagisken cemetery)). Moscow: Russian political encyclopedia (in Russian).
Kadyrbayev, M. K., Burnasheva, R. Z. 1970. In: Kadyrbayev, M. K. (ed.). Po sledam drevnikh kultur Kazakhstana (In the footsteps of the ancient cultures of Kazakhstan). Almaty: “Nauka” Publ., 42–53 (in Russian).
Kyzlasov, L. R., Korol, G. G. 1990. Dekorativnoe iskusstvo srednevekovykh khakasov kak istoricheskiy istochnik (Decorative art of the medieval Khakass as a historical source). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Kurmankulov, Zh., Utubayev, Zh., Suindikova, M. 2020. In: Margulanovskie chteniya–2020 (Margulan Readings–2020) 2, 274–285 (in Kazakh).
Maximova, A. G. 1960. In: Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii – KSIA (Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology) 80, 60–64 (in Russian).
Mandelshtam, A. M. 1968. Pamyatniki bronzovogo veka v Yuzhnom Tadzhikistane (Bronze Age monuments in Southern Tajikistan). Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Margulan, A. Kh. 1986. Kazakhskoye narodnoye prikladnoye iskusstvo (Kazakh folk applied art). Vols. 1–2. Almaty: “Oner” Publ. (in Russian).
Margulan, A. Kh., Akishev, K. A., Kadyrbayev, M. K., Orazbayev, A. M. 1966. Drevnyaya kultura Tsentralnogo Kazakhstana (The ancient culture of Central Kazakhstan). Almaty: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Maryashev, A. N., Goryachev, A. A. 2002. Naskalnye izobrazheniya Semirechya (Rock art of Semirechye). Almaty: “XXI vek” Publ. (in Russian).
Melyukova, A. I. 1976. In: Melyukova, A. I., Moshkova, M. G. (ed.). Skifo-sibirskiy zverinyy stil v iskusstve narodov Evrazii (The Scytho-Siberian animal style in the art of the peoples of Eurasia). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 106–127 (in Russian).
Melyukova, A. I. 1979. Skifiya i Frakiyskiy mir (Scythia and the Thracian world). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Morgunova, N. L., Mescheryakov, D. V. 1999. In: Morgunova, N. L. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Orenburzh’ya (Archaeological monuments of Orenburg region). Issue 3. Orenburg: Orenburg State Pedagogical University, 124–146 (in Russian).
SA MIA SC MSHE RK. D. 2483a: Nurmukhanbetov, B. N. 1997. Turgenskiy kulturno-landshaftnyj kompleks / Otchyot sovmestnoy kazahsko-italyanskoy ekspeditsii za 1997 god (Turgen cultural and landscape complex / Report of the joint Kazakh-Italian expedition for 1997) (in Russian).
Novgorodova, E. A. 1970. Tsentralnaya Aziya i karasukskaya problema (Central Asia and the Karasukskaya issue). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Pletneva, S. A. 2003. Kochevniki yuzhnorusskikh stepey v epokhu srednevekovya (IV–XIII veka) (Nomads of the South Russian steppes in the medieval period (4th–13th centuries)). Voronezh: Voronezh State University (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. S., Grigor’ev, F. P., Jumabekova, G. S. 2005. Drevnosti Almaty (Antiquities of Almaty). Almaty: “Berel” Publ. (in Russian).
Samashev, Z., Ermolaeva, A., Kushch, G. 2008. Drevnie sokrovischa Kazakhskogo Altaya (Ancient treasures of the Kazakh Altai). Almaty: “Oner” Publ. (in Russian).
Semenov, Vl. 2003. Suglug-Khem i Khayyrakan – mogilniki skifskogo vremeni v Tsentralno-Tuvinskoy kotlovine (Suglug-Khem and Khayyrakan – Scythian-period cemeteries in the Central Tuvan basin). St. Petersburg: “Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie” Publ. (in Russian).
Tabaldiev, K. Sh. 1996. Kurgany srednevekovykh kochevnikov Tyanshanya (The kurgans of medieval nomads of the Tien Shan). Bishkek: “Aibek” Publ. (in Russian).
Tabaldiev, K. Sh. 2011. Drevnie pamyatniki Tyanshanya (Ancient monuments of the Tien Shan). Bishkek: “V.R.S. Company” Publ. (in Russian).
Tasmagambetov, I. 2002. Kentavry Velikoy Stepi. Khudozhestvennaya kultura drevnikh kochevnikov (Centaurs of the Great Steppe. Artistic culture of ancient nomads). Almaty: “Berel” Publ. (in Russian).
Toleubaev, A. T., Zhumatayev, R. S., Omarov, G. K., Shakenov, S. T., Besetayev, B. B., Ergabylov, A. E. 2020. In: Margulanovskie chteniya–2020 (Margulan Readings–2020) 2, 172–197 (in Russian).
Torgoev, A. I. 2011. Remennye ukrasheniya Semirech’ya V – nachala XIII v. (Belt decorations of Semirechye, 5th – early 13th centuries): Cand. Diss. Thesis. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
Fedorov-Davydov, G. A. 1966. Kochevniki Vostochnoy Yevropy pod vlast’yu zolotoordynskikh khanov (Nomads of Eastern Europe under the rule of the Golden Horde khans). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Shramko, B. A. 1976. In: Melyukova, A. I., Moshkova, M. G. (ed.). Skifo-sibirskiy zverinyy stil v iskusstve narodov Evrazii (The Scytho-Siberian animal style in the art of the peoples of Eurasia). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 194–209 (in Russian).
Yablonskiy, L. T. 1996. Saki Yuzhnogo Priaral’ya (arkheologiya i antropologiya mogilnikov) (The Saka of Southern Aral sea region: archaeology and anthropology of the cemeteries). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology of the RAS (in Russian).
Yablonskiy, L. T. 2015. Saki v delte Oksa (teoriya i praktika etnogeneticheskogo issledovaniya) (The Saka in the delta of the Oxus: theory and practice of ethnogenetic research). Moscow: “Novoye Vremya” Publ. (in Russian).
Gass, A. 2016. Das Siebenstromland zwischen Bronze- und Früheisenzeit (The Semirechye region between the Bronze and Early Iron Age). Warsaw; Berlin: “De Gruyter Open” Publ. (in German).
Goryachev, A., Frachetti, M. D. 2016. In: Kazakhstan Archeology 2 (16), 24–56 (in English).
Maryashev, A. N., Goryachev, A. A., Potapov, S. A. 1998. In: Repertoire des petroglyphes d’Asie Centrale. Tome V. Paris: “Diffusion de Boccard” Publ. (in French).
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2025 Aitbaeva A., Goryachev A., Egorova T., Kaldybayeva G.
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная.
