Историческая топография средневековых городов западного региона Казахстана
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52967/akz2026.1.31.11.33Ключевые слова:
археология, Средневековье,, Западные регионы Казахстана, Полуостров Мангистау, бассейн реки Жайык, Кызылкала, Кетиккала, Сарайшык, Актобе-Лаэти, ЖайыкАннотация
В представленной статье публикуются результаты анализа археологических материалов средневековых городов на территории Западного Казахстана в историко-топографическом аспекте. Изучение городской культуры в западном регионе Казахстана является одним из актуальных направлений в отечественной археологии. В рамках данной проблемы перспективным регионом для проведения комплексных исследований является полуостров Мангистау и бассейн реки Жайык, на территории которых зафиксировано множество памятников историко-культурного наследия. В статье представлен краткий анализ возникновения городских центров и особенностей урбанизационных процессов периода средневековья, именно – изменения в топографии городов, появлении новых структурных элементов. Торговля, в том числе и международная, зачастую определяла жизнь средневекового города. Начиная с Х века в регионе, в результате развития местной, региональной и международной торговли, начали формироваться города. Во многом от торговли зависела жизнь городов, их благополучие и процветание. Это были города, не уступавшие по размерам большинству средневековых городов Центральной Азии. Например, центральная часть Кызылкалы состояла из крепости и плотно застроенного шахристана. К шахристану примыкали рабад (ремесленно-торговое предместье) и территория усадебной застройки. Прилегающая к шахристану местность с развитой ирригационной системой составляла пахотные земли жителей города. В статье также приводится обзор письменных источников, содержащих сведения о городах и информацию по их местоположению. Предприняты попытки систематизировать данные по средневековым городам Северо-Восточного Прикаспийского историко-географического микрорайона.
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