Jewelry of the Saka of the Southeastern Aral Sea region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52967/akz2024.1.23.9.26Keywords:
Syrdarya, shirikrabat culture, jewelry, zoomorphic, geometric, plant, ornithomorphicAbstract
The article provides a detailed analysis of jewelry items found in over ten burials dating back to the Saka period near the southeastern Aral Sea. The study identifies 35 types of yellow metal artifacts. The chronological scope of the research spans from the 4th to the 2nd century BC. Overall, the Shirikrabat archaeological culture exhibits several types of burial structures, including mounds with embankments, mausoleums, simple graves, and pit graves. Monuments of complex construction and diverse burial practices demonstrate a unique syncretism of local traditions and external influences. Based on studies conducted by the Shirikrabat archaeological expedition of the Margulan Institute of Archaeology, jewelry artifacts were discovered. They are morphologically grouped into four categories: zoomorphic, geometric, vegetal, and ornithomorphic. Techniques such as forging, casting, molding, carving, soldering, and bead attachment were used in crafting the jewelry items. Chemical analyses conducted at the K.I. Satpaev Institute of Geological Sciences were employed to determine the gold composition. The examined jewelry items bear resemblance to materials found in unique sites in Southeast, Central, and Eastern Kazakhstan, as well as the Altai.
References
Akishev, K. A., Akishev, A. K. 1983. Drevneye zoloto Kazakhstana (Ancient gold of Kazakhstan). Alma-Ata: “Oner” (in Kazakh, Russian, English).
Akishev, K. A. 1978. Kurgan Issyk. Iskusstvo sakov Kazakhstana (Kurgan Issyk. Art of the Sakas of Kazakhstan). Moscow: “Iskusstvo” (in Russian).
Akishev, K.A. 2006. In: Frank, V. (ed.). Yevraziyskiy narod saki "Annaly istorii, arkheologii i kosmogonicheskikh predstavleniy narodov Yevrazii" (Eurasian people of the Sakas “Annals of history, archaeology and cosmogonic ideas of the peoples of Eurasia.”). Almaty: “Bolashak Balapandary” Publ., 179-225 (in Russian).
Akkaliyeva, A. S., Nesipbay, A. T. 2021. In: Baitanayev, B. A. (ed.). Margulan okulary–2021 (Margulan readings–2021). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Volume 3. 11-17 (in Kazakh).
Akkaliyeva, A. S. 2022. In: Musayeva, R. (ed.). Akhinzhanovskie chteniya–2022 (Akhinzhanov readings–2022). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 8-11 (in Kazakh).
Amirov, E. S. 2008. In: Izvestiya NAN RK. Seriya obschestvennyh nauk (News of the NAS RK. Series of social sciences). №1. 29-34 (in Russian).
Artamonov, M. I. 1961. In: Arkheologicheskiy sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (Archaeological collection of the State Hermitage). Vol. 2. Leningrad, 80-89 (in Russian).
Artamonov, M. I. 1966. Sokrovishcha skifskikh kurganov v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (Treasures of Scythian mounds in the collection of the State Hermitage). Prague-Leningrad: “Artia”, “Soviet Artist” (in Russian).
Barkova, L. L. 1987. In: Arkheologicheskiy sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (Archaeological collection of the State Hermitage), 28, 5–29 (in Russian).
Barkova, L. L. 2015. In: Arkheologicheskiy sbornik (Archaeological collection), 40, 143-156 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z. 2014a. Saryarkanyn kone zhadіgerleri (Ancient Saryarka treasures). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology; “Begazy-Tasmola”(in Kazakh, Russian, English).
Beisenov, A. Z. 2014b. In: Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History), 6 (32), 121-128 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Bazarbaeva, G. A. 2014. In: Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo centra RAN (News of the Samara Scientific Center of the RAS), 16 (3), 597-604 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Jumabekova, G. S., Bazarbayeva, G. A. 2015. Isskustvo sakov Saryarki (Art of the Sakas of Saryarka). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology; “Begazy-Tasmola” (in Russian).
Bolelov, S. B. 2010. In: PIFK (Problems of History, Philology and Culture, Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies), 1, 122-142 (in Russian).
Butkevich, L. M. 2012. Istoriya ornamenta: uchebnoye posobiye (History of ornament: textbook). Moscow: “VLADOS” Publ. (in Russian).
Weinberg, B. I., Levina, L. M. 1993. Chirikrabatskaya kultura. Nizovya Syrdari v drevnosti (Chirikrabat culture. The lower reaches of the Syr Darya in antiquity). Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the RAS (in Russian).
Vlasov, V. G. 1995. Stili v iskusstve: Arkhitektura, grafika, dekorativno-prikladnoye iskusstvo, zhivopis, skulptura (Styles in art: Architecture, graphics, decorative and applied arts, painting, sculpture). St. Petersburg: “Kolna” Publ. (in Russian).
Mordvintseva, V. I. 2003. Polikhromnyy zverinyy stil. (Polychrome animal style). Simferopol: “Universum” Publ. (in Russian).
Kadyrbayev, M. K. 1974. In: Akishev, K. (ed.). Vglub vekov: arkheologicheskiy sbornik (Deep into the centuries: archaeological collection). Alma-Ata: “Nauka” Publ., 25-45 (in Russian).
Kalandarova, O. I. 2021. In: Istorik (Historian (scientific and theoretical journal), 3 (27), 112-121 (in Russian).
Kineva, L. A. 2017. Istoriya ornamenta i stilya (History of ornament and style). Ekaterinburg: Ural University (in Russian).
Korol, G. G., Naumova, O. B. 2017. In: Devlet, E. (ed.). Khudozhestvennyy metall u kochevnikov (Tsentralnaya Aziya rubezha I–II tys.) (Artistic metal among nomads (Central Asia at the turn of the 1st–2nd millennium)) Moscow: Institute of Archaeology RAS (in Russian).
Kruglova, A. V. 2020. In: Dekorativnoye iskusstvo i predmetno-prostranstvennaya sreda. Vestnik MGKHPA. (Decorative art and object-spatial environment. Bulletin of MSAAI), 2-1, 333-343 (in Russian).
Kubarev, V. D., Shulga, P. I. 2007. Pazyrykskaya kultura (kurgany Chui i Ursula) (Pazyryk culture (Chui and Ursula mounds). Barnaul: Altai State University (in Russian).
Kurmankulov, Z., Zhetibaev, Z., Utubayev, Z., Iskakov, A. 2007. In: Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh po Gosudarstvennoy programme "Kulturnoye naslediye" v 2006 godu (Report on archaeological research under the State program "Cultural Heritage" in 2006). Almaty: “Il-Tex-Kitap” Publ., 135-136 (in Russian).
Kurmankulov, Z., Utubayev, Z. R. 2017. In: Beisenov, A. Z. (ed.). Kazakhstan v sakskuyu epokhu (Kazakhstan in the Saka era). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 191-211 (in Russian).
Kurmankulov, Z., Utubayev, Z. R., Suyundikova, M. S. 2020. In: Baitanayev, B. (ed.). Margulanovskiye chteniya–2020 (Margulan readings–2020). Vol. 2. Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 274-286 (in Russian).
Alimbai, N. (ed.). 2009. Kazakhstannyn ezhelgi koshpeliler madenieti. Arheologiyalyk kollektsiya (The culture of early nomad of Kazakhstan: Archaeological collections. Scientific catalogue). Almaty: “D-P-S” Publ. (in Kazakh, Russian, English).
Kartayeva, T. 2021. In: Abai.kz akparattyk portaly (Abai.kz information portal). 2021. URL: https://abai.kz/post/132891 (accessed on 14.03.2024) (in Kazakh).
Kurmankulov, Z. 2011. In: Beisenov, A. Z. (ed.). Mynzhyldyktar kualary: Kazakhstan arheologiyasy (1991–2011) (Witnesses of the Millennium: archaeological science of Kazakhstan for 20 years (1991–2011)). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 188-195 (in Kazakh).
Litvinsky, B. A. 2004. In: Kyzlasov, I. L. (ed.). Drevnosti Vostoka (Antiquities of the East). Moscow: “RUSAKI” Publ., 23-37 (in Russian).
Litvinsky, B. A. 1973. Ukrasheniya iz mogilnikov Zapadnoy Fergany (Jewelry from the burial grounds of Western Fergana). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Mandelstam, A. M. 1966. Kochevniki na puti v Indiyu (Nomads on the way to India). Moscow; Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Margulan, A. K. 1987. Kazakhskoye narodnoye prikladnoye iskusstvo (Kazakh folk applied art). Alma-Ata: “Oner” Publ. (in Russian).
Marsadolov, L. S. 1987. In: Arkheologicheskiy sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (Archaeological collection of the State Hermitage), 28, 30-37 (in Russian).
Omarov, G. K., Besetayev, B. B., Sagyndykova, S. T. 2016. In: Bekseitov, G. T. (ed.). Archaeologiyadagy zertteudin zhana adisteri (Proceeding of International scientific-practical conference "New methods of research in Archaeology"). Almaty: “Kazakh University” Publ., 189-198 (in Kazakh).
Orazbayeva, N. A. 1970. Narodnoye dekorativno-prikladnoye iskusstvo kazakhov (Folk arts and crafts of the Kazakhs). Leningrad: “Aurora” Publ. (in Russian).
Perevodchikova, E.V. 1992. In: Matyushchenko, V. (ed.). Vtoryye istoricheskiye chteniya pamyati M.P. Gryaznova (2nd historical readings in memory of M. P. Gryaznov). Part 2. Omsk: Omsk State University, 90-92 (in Russian).
Perevodchikova, E. V. 1994. Yazyk zverinykh obrazov (The language of animal images). Moscow: “Vostochnaya literature” Publ. (in Russian).
Popov, V. K., Klyuev, N. A., Nozdrachev, E. A., Sleptsov, I. Y. 2015. In: Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya “Geoarkheologiya. Etnologiya. Antropologiya” (News of Irkutsk State University. Series “Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology"), 12, 37-46 (in Russian).
Raevsky, D. S. 1985. Model mira skifskoy kultury (Model of the world of Scythian culture). Moscow: “GRVL” Publ. (in Russian).
Rudenko, S. I. 1953. Kultura naseleniya Gornogo Altaya v skifskoye vremya (Culture of the population of Gorny Altai in Scythian times). Moscow; Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. 2011. Berel. Almaty: “Taimas” Publ. (in Kazakh, Russian, English).
Samashev, Z., Toleubayev, A., Jumabekova, G. 2004. Sokrovishcha stepnykh vozhdey (Treasures of steppe leaders). Almaty: "Berel" Publ. (in Russian).
Silantyeva, L. F. 1959. In: MIA. Nekropoli Bosporskikh gorodov (AMR. Necropolises of the Bosporan cities), 69, 5-107 (in Russian).
Tishkin, A. A., Zaikov, V. V., Khvorov, P. V., Zaikova, E. V. 2014. In: Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy (Theory and practice of archaeological research), 1 (9), 115-126 (in Russian).
Toporov, V. N. 1972. In: Ranniye formy iskusstva (Early forms of art). Moscow: “Iskusstvo” Publ., 77-103 (in Russian).
Utubayev, Z. R., Akkaliyeva, A. S. 2023. In: Zhumatayev, R. (ed.). XV Orazbayev okulary (15th Orazbayev readings). Almaty: “Kazakh University” Publ., 62-65 (in Kazakh).
Utubayev, Z. R., Suyundikova, M. S. 2023. In: Kazakstan arheologiasy (Kazakhstan Archeology), 3 (21), 48-67 (in Kazakh).
Chubayeva, M. P. 2013. In: Vestnik Yuzhno-Uralskogo gosuniversiteta. Ser. Sotsialno-gumanitarnyye nauki (Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Social sciences and humanities), vol. 13, nr. 2, 190-193 (in Russian).
Shkurko, A. I. 2000. In: Gulyaev, V., Olkhovsky, V. (eds.). Skify i Sarmaty v VII–III vv. do n.e. (Scythians and Sarmatians in the 7th–3rd centuries BC). Moscow: Institute of archaeology RAS, 304-313 (in Russian).
Treister, M. Y., Yatsenko, S. A. 1998. In: Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 5, 51-106 (in English).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Utubayev, Z., Akkaliyeva, A.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
